Albania Population: 3,011,405
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| Background | |
| Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, each of Albania's post-Communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first such in the country's history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure. |
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| Geography | |
| Strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea) | |
| Location: | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north |
| Geographic coordinates: | 41 00 N, 20 00 E |
| Area: | total: 28,748 sq km land: 27,398 sq km water: 1,350 sq km Size comparison: slightly smaller than Maryland |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 717 km border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km |
| Coastline: | 362 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Climate: | mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter |
| Terrain: | mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m |
| Natural resources: | petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower |
| Land use: | arable land: 20.1% permanent crops: 4.21% other: 75.69% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 3,650 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: | destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought |
| Current Environment Issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People | |
| Population: | 3,011,405 (July 2013 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 19.9% (male 316,240/female 282,958) 15-24 years: 19.6% (male 300,977/female 287,976) 25-54 years: 39.7% (male 568,330/female 626,949) 55-64 years: 10% (male 150,665/female 151,068) 65 years and over: 10.8% (male 153,818/female 172,424) (2013 est.) population pyramid: |
| Median age: | total: 30.9 years male: 29.6 years female: 32.1 years (2012 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 0.28% (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 12.38 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Death rate: | 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 14.12 deaths/1,000 live births male: 15.7 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 77.59 years male: 74.99 years female: 80.49 years (2012 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.49 children born/woman (2013 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA |
| Nationality: | noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian |
| Ethnic groups: | Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization) |
| Religions: | Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice |
| Languages: | Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects |
| Literacy: | definition: age 9 and over can read and write total population: 98.7% male: 99.2% female: 98.3% (2001 census) |
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| Government | |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Albania conventional short form: Albania local long form: Republika e Shqiperise local short form: Shqiperia former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania |
| Government type: | parliamentary democracy |
| Capital: | name: Tirana (Tirane) geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October |
| Administrative divisions: | 12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore |
| Independence: | 28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day |
| Constitution: | approved by parliament 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998 |
| Legal system: | civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the "Code of Leke" prevails |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president is elected by the Assembly for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term (a candidate needs a three-fifths majority of the Assembly's 140 votes (84 votes) in one of the first three rounds of voting or a simple majority in round four or five to become president; up to five rounds of voting are held, if necessary); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly election results: Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012 |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order; elected for a 4-year term) elections: last held on 28 June 2009 (next to be held on 23 June 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PD 68, PS 65, LSI 4, other 3 |
| Judicial branch: | Constitutional Court consists of 9 members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly who serve 9-year terms (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term); the High Court members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly for a 9-year term; note - there are also courts of appeal and courts of first instance |
| Political parties and leaders: | Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]; Party for Justice and Integration or PDI [Shpetim IDRIZ]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA] |
| International organization participation: | BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EITI (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI chancery: 1312 18th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942 FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342 consulate(s) general: New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510 telephone: [355] (4) 2247285 FAX: [355] (4) 2232222 |
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| Economy | |
| Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower - 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania - and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of the global financial crisis. | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity): $25.86 billion (2012 est.) $25.73 billion (2011 est.) $24.98 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $12.39 billion (2012 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 0.5% (2012 est.) 3% (2011 est.) 3.5% (2010 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,000 (2012 est.) $7,800 (2011 est.) $7,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 20.4% industry: 19.1% services: 60.5% (2012 est.) |
| Labor force: | 1.071 million (2011 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 47.8% industry: 23% services: 29.2% (September 2010 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 13% (2012 est.) 13.3% (2011 est.) note: these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming |
| Population below poverty line: | 12.5% (2008 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 29% (2008) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 34.5 (2008) 26.7 (2005) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (2012 est.) 3.5% (2011 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 25.8% of GDP (2012 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $3.262 billion expenditures: $3.669 billion (2012 est.) |
| Public debt: | 60.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 58.9% of GDP (2011 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: | wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products; sheep |
| Industries: | perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 3% (2010 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 5.209 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 |
| Electricity - consumption: | 4.521 billion kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 1.906 billion kWh (2010 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 1.005 billion kWh (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 30 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 30 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 849.5 million cu m (1 January 2012 est.) |
| Current account balance: | -$1.45 billion (2012 est.) -$1.695 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports: | $2.121 billion (2012 est.) $1.954 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco |
| Exports - partners: | Italy 45.3%, China 7.8%, Turkey 6.3%, Greece 5.2%, Spain 5.1%, India 4.6% (2011) |
| Imports: | $5.219 billion (2012 est.) $5.076 billion (2011 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals |
| Imports - partners: | Italy 33%, Greece 12.2%, China 5.9%, Turkey 5.6%, Germany 4.3% (2011) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.35 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.473 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $5.281 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $5.188 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA |
| Exchange rates: | leke (ALL) per US dollar - 103.3 (2012 est.) 100.9 (2011 est.) 103.94 (2010 est.) 94.98 (2009) 79.546 (2008) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications | |
| Telephones in use: | 338,800 (2011) country comparison to the world: 111 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 3.1 million (2011) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital international: country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | |
| Television broadcast stations: | |
| Internet country code: | .al |
| Internet hosts: | 15,528 (2012) |
| Internet users: | 1.3 million (2009) |
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| Transportation | |
| Airports: | 5 (2012) country comparison to the world: 178 |
| Airports (paved runways): | total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012) |
| Heliports: | 1 (2012) |
| Pipelines: | gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2010) |
| Railways: | total: 339 km standard gauge: 339 km 1.435-m gauge (2009) |
| Roadways: | total: 18,000 km paved: 7,020 km unpaved: 10,980 km (2002) |
| Waterways: | 41 km (on the Bojana River) (2011) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 17 by type: cargo 16, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1) registered in other countries: 5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010) |
| Ports and terminals: | Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore |
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| Military | |
| Military branches: | Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command, Training and Doctrine Command (2012) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 19 years of age (2004) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 731,111 females age 16-49: 780,216 (2010 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 622,379 females age 16-49: 660,715 (2010 est.) |
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